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Dr. Bob is Robert Hsiung, MD,
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Posted by laima on August 18, 2006, at 12:10:10
In reply to Re: Jeremy Leggett » laima, posted by Meri-Tuuli on August 18, 2006, at 11:41:02
Don't worry, it's ok. I get frustrated with so much of politics and even with entire countries, too, even though I know it's not right to lump, either. We're just frustrated. A lot of people are frustrated.
Let me carefully word this for I don't want to say the wrong thing which could upset anyone here on the board- but note that over 50% of our population actually voted for Gore, not Bush. (It's finally been officialy determined.) Note the contentious *"spoiler"* debate surrounding Nader-that someone like him has so much influence (the controversy being something along the lines that he may have splintered up the vote of "the Left"- thereby allowing Bush to win-twice). And consider the wildly exciting meteoric rise of Barack Obama- if you haven't heard of him yet in England, I'm certain you soon will. These factors are examples of a strong political dissent and dissagreement to the current policies and/or state of affairs. Yet, it's the other side everyone hears so much about and which has the power and means to make their mark worldwide at this time.
Respectfully to all,
Laima
ps-This seems crazy! There are individuals and communities which might make this seem true in patches...perhaps your friend is in a happy bubble and doesn't get out enough :) ? You know though, that university communities are generally more likely to be environmentally aware, and this might help explain the error. What about the Scandinavian countries...
> I know an American PhD student, in earth sciences actually and she tried to tell me that America is the most environmentally friendly country in the world. Her supervisor laughed and er, corrected her. I mean, this is the opinion of an *educated* American, and one who is supposedly studying *earth sciences*. You'd think she'd have a clue!
>
> Anyway.
>
>
Posted by Meri-Tuuli on August 18, 2006, at 12:55:00
In reply to Re: » Meri-Tuuli, posted by laima on August 18, 2006, at 12:10:10
>What about the Scandinavian countries...
Whatcha mean?
BTW, point taken about Bush. Interestingly, the headline on one of the repsectable papers here today is:
Well I can't write here what they wrote, in fear of getting a civility warning, but you can see for yourself at:
Posted by laima on August 18, 2006, at 13:02:47
In reply to Re: » laima, posted by Meri-Tuuli on August 18, 2006, at 12:55:00
Oh-I'll take a look at that paper in a minute Thanks for the link> >What about the Scandinavian countries...
>
> Whatcha mean?
--I mean, when I was in college I spent a year in Denmark, and was absolutely floored by how seriously everyone took the environmental concerns that people in the US considered fringey. Ie- hardly anyone had a car, clothes dryers didn't really dry your clothes and laundry lines were perfectly acceptable, windmills were everywhere...etc, etc, etc. I was impressed!
Posted by laima on August 18, 2006, at 16:55:43
In reply to only in the oil business, posted by Bobby on August 9, 2006, at 18:21:34
...so readers of this thread now know my brother is in the oil business, is interested in alternative fuels, while I prefer to ride my bike. I dare speculate and wonder here about something I never understood- many people say the oil industry is a particularly aggressive and profit-hungry one- but if so, wouldn't it just be easier for them if cars were more fuel efficient and they could produce (and we burn) LESS oil-they could sit back and relax-cut their costs while maxxing gains-it's not like they'd have to lower prices for their product. That throws it all back into the automobile industry's court, in the way I see it. (?)
I don't get it.
Posted by Jost on August 18, 2006, at 19:18:35
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by laima on August 18, 2006, at 16:55:43
Depending on how much demand was lowered, prices might fall.
Oil companies haven't been promoting conservation or the development of alternative fuels, which you'd expect them to do, if they perceived it to be in their interest.
It's not a question of what scientists at oil companies think is worth doing, it's the direction that management at the companies decide to take.
What does your brother do in the oil business?
Jost
Posted by laima on August 18, 2006, at 20:35:17
In reply to Re: oil business and profits » laima, posted by Jost on August 18, 2006, at 19:18:35
Yes, for demmand to fall would be key.My brother did his phd work searching for alternative clean-burning fuels for large engines, and improving the mechanics of large engines to burn cleaner and more efficiently in the first place-but the only job offers after graduation came from oil companies, to his dismay. So he took a job. Now what he does is concerned with safety and efficiency inspections and recomendations for their operations around the world, in hopes of preventing future disasters and/or waste. (No, doesn't work for the company with the recent snafu in Alaska.) Looking at developing stronger, more reliable materials for pipes, less invasive ways to drill, recomendations to make structures more sound (less vulnerable to waves, earthquakes, corrosion, explosions, etc), etc.
I DEFINATELY get the impression that the engineers and scientists are not on the same page as the business and marketing people, based on conversations I've had with him and some of his peers. True, they don't share quite the same urgency that I feel about the perils of fossil fuels, but they are inquisitive, and quite interested in fuels in general. Again, when I used to quiz them about alternative fuel sources and methods, being engineers they were quite interested in the topic, but the conversations always devolved into, "sure, we know about some promising technologies, most big oil and energy companies have even tinkered with a few side-experiments in anticipation of the future- but it's only that- no one is willing to provide funding for alternatives while oil is so cheap, and it would be very, very expensive to get anything like that rolling on a large scale now. Consumers won't pick up the tab. There's no real incentive, not feasable at this time."
I really, really believe, based on these conversations, that if someone came up with some massive funding to get an affordable alternative to oil into wide use, plenty of quality engineers and scientists would go for the challenge. These people are very interested in these sorts of challenges and puzzles, and they like to tinker. Interestingly, in the US, oil is, of course, subsidized by the govt. I believe that is widely known, and I understand that's why it's so much cheaper here for consumers than it is in say, Europe. The price at the pump, even at "3.50$" isn't close to the "real" price at all...
That's just the conversations I heard- I can't provide any "proof" or references for any of it- nor do I wish to reveal his company.
> Depending on how much demand was lowered, prices might fall.
>
> Oil companies haven't been promoting conservation or the development of alternative fuels, which you'd expect them to do, if they perceived it to be in their interest.
>
> It's not a question of what scientists at oil companies think is worth doing, it's the direction that management at the companies decide to take.
>
> What does your brother do in the oil business?
>
> Jost
Posted by laima on August 18, 2006, at 20:49:45
In reply to Re: oil business and profits » laima, posted by Jost on August 18, 2006, at 19:18:35
One more thing--he claimed that "all that most hybrid fuel cell cars do with current technologies is move the oil burning from the car's engine to the fuel cell factory. It's a green-wash, it's marketing--though it does keep the city air cleaner-since the burning happens at the fuel cell plant."
I didn't believe it!!! I was so perterbed!!
But then later I saw a very similar report from Greenpeace, and then yet another in a magazine; I think it was Utne Reader. (Sorry- can't give proper references, I don't remember.)
How's that for some irony.
But I saw a lady on tv the other day who drives a thing around town which is a cross between a bike and a golf cart. She part peddles, and part relies on plugging the thing in at night to charge it up...very interesting-but no clue as to where one gets one of these 100,000$ devices. It can reach speeds of 40 miles per hour, per the report. She explained, "I figure that in about another year the thing will have paid for itself due to what I've saved in gas...right now I average about 10 cents per day to drive."
(something like that) :)
Posted by Estella on August 19, 2006, at 19:32:48
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by laima on August 18, 2006, at 16:55:43
one has to be careful about the oil business...
there are alternatives etc already...
but if fuel imports go down...
well...
whoever isn't for us is against us etc etc
so the imports keep on rolling in even though most people think that something should be done
nothing will be done
and why will it?
people are making a killing...
literally.
etc etc
and it might be something like...
5
?
of the top 10 us businesses rely on oil
and the rich get richer
and there it is.
Posted by laima on August 19, 2006, at 23:03:35
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Estella on August 19, 2006, at 19:32:48
That was my point- economics seems to be getting in the way of putting these alternatives into widespread production and use, as most consumers balk at paying more for something cleaner.
One can vote with their pocketbook...if they can afford it.> one has to be careful about the oil business...
>
> there are alternatives etc already...
>
> but if fuel imports go down...
>
> well...
>
> whoever isn't for us is against us etc etc
>
> so the imports keep on rolling in even though most people think that something should be done
>
> nothing will be done
>
> and why will it?
>
> people are making a killing...
>
> literally.
>
> etc etc
>
> and it might be something like...
>
> 5
>
> ?
>
> of the top 10 us businesses rely on oil
>
> and the rich get richer
>
> and there it is.
Posted by Estella on August 20, 2006, at 1:25:59
In reply to Re: oil business and profits » Estella, posted by laima on August 19, 2006, at 23:03:35
> That was my point- economics seems to be getting in the way of putting these alternatives into widespread production and use, as most consumers balk at paying more for something cleaner.
It isn't even about consumers paying more. It is about governments failing to educate the population on alternatives, failing to subsidise alternatives etc etc.
NZ govt can't afford to import less oil. That was my point. Politically... If we import less oil we will endanger NZ US relations fairly severely... After saying 'we refuse to send people to die for a war we don't believe in'... After struggling (still) with the repercussions of insisting on our nulear free policy... We can't afford not to keep on importing the oil.
So... We don't do anything.
And hence indirectly...
We continue to support the war.
Posted by laima on August 20, 2006, at 7:48:21
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Estella on August 20, 2006, at 1:25:59
Hi Estelle,Are you in NZ? I fear I know little about your county's government or its policies, though I am quite attracted to your country and would love to visit. I'm surpised and shocked by your report though-you're educating me-and troubeling me-I didn't know about any of it.
Too bad I'd require a flight on an airplane using loads of oil as fuel to visit...
As for the US policies, which I know more about- I totally agree- they heavily subsidize oil here, it's well known (to many) that the "real" price of oil /gas (whatever the exact term I should be using is) is FAR higher than what the consumers see. Now people are complaining that the prices are climbing, but I understand that they are still laughabley low compared to what they would be if not subsidized. I do believe that our govt could stand to subsidize alternatives in a similar fashion, but they aren't really doing to much of that, and out of fear of saying something uncivil, I won't write about my beliefs as to why that is. I'm sure you can use your imagination though.
I speculate that the war motives seem more complicated than JUST oil-or should I say "directly" just oil- I think there is also some evidence of extremeist religious fanaticism elements and intolerances involved? (Civility monitors please note I'm not saying which side (s).) My brother's company does no or scant business in that region, and claims that no or few US companies do. Now I don't know what our govts aims for the future are exactly (though I have my guesses)...but my brother's point was that it's incredibley unprofitabley expensive to keep sending your employees into a war zone, none of them or keen to go, the infrastructure isn't in good shape, that they are more interested in what's going on in Nigeria, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, and with those oil sands in Canada. As to whether or not I got any of those facts accurately- perhaps someone else on the thread, actually involved in the industry, could help us clarify or give input? That would be great!
Respectfuly,
Laima
ps- Geez it's hard to write about politics on psychobabble!
> > That was my point- economics seems to be getting in the way of putting these alternatives into widespread production and use, as most consumers balk at paying more for something cleaner.
>
> It isn't even about consumers paying more. It is about governments failing to educate the population on alternatives, failing to subsidise alternatives etc etc.
>
> NZ govt can't afford to import less oil. That was my point. Politically... If we import less oil we will endanger NZ US relations fairly severely... After saying 'we refuse to send people to die for a war we don't believe in'... After struggling (still) with the repercussions of insisting on our nulear free policy... We can't afford not to keep on importing the oil.
>
> So... We don't do anything.
>
> And hence indirectly...
>
> We continue to support the war.
Posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 11:14:57
In reply to Re: oil business and profits » Estella, posted by laima on August 20, 2006, at 7:48:21
I've looked into these "subsidies".
The tax breaks they're talking about is basically allowing the oil companies to deduct the expenses they incur. Which is not exactly a break unique to oil companies. In allowing deduction rather than write off of research and development, I would imagine the government is only acknowledging that these are an ongoing cost of oil exploration rather than a one time start up of inventing and selling widgets. The percentage depletion allowance doesn't cover large oil companies at all. It's limited to those who receive oil royalties of under a certain dollar amount, and is likely put in place to make recordkeeping less cumbersome. You could argue about the percentage, I suppose.
Other "subsidies" include maintaining the roads, and an army. While some might think that the army is maintained purely for the use of the oil companies, that's far from a universal conclusion and I'm not sure that an army should be included as an oil company subsidy. Ditto on roads and highways.
And yes, there are oil tax credits. But those were most certainly not put in place for the benefit of the oil companies so much as to provide incentive for the oil companies to do what the government wishes them to do. Check the names of the tax credits, and they certainly appear to be policy choices. Unconventional fuel source credit?
I'm quite certain other countries allow their companies to deduct expenses they incur, that they maintain roads, and that at least some maintain armies as well.
Moreover, some of the transportation costs are paid by the large taxes on gas. If those taxes are then turned around to build roads, how is that subsidizing the oil company?
Oil is taxed on every level from the time it's pulled out till the time it hits your tank. Severance tax is what, 10-12%? Then the taxes added to the actual tank of gas, and myriad taxes in between on the supplies used to process gasoline, property taxes on the real estate and personal property used to process and distribute gasoline.
I don't get the claim of subsidies.
I'd prefer that the cost of taxes per gallon be displayed right below the cost per gallon on each and every pump.
Posted by Estella on August 20, 2006, at 11:39:54
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 11:14:57
2020 yay sweden!!!!!
http://www.greens.org.nz/campaigns/peakoil/
Interesting that I'm not seeing Australia on this graph...
Posted by laima on August 20, 2006, at 11:46:29
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 11:14:57
Thank you for your input and clarifications, Dinah!There are a lot of rumours and skewing of complex realities, including oversimplification of facts, that is for sure. I guess especially when we don't know or understand the whole story and passions are intense...
Laima
ps-especially thank you for this reminder:
>Unconventional fuel source credit?
(Certainly gives something more to think over.)
> I've looked into these "subsidies".
>
> The tax breaks they're talking about is basically allowing the oil companies to deduct the expenses they incur. Which is not exactly a break unique to oil companies. In allowing deduction rather than write off of research and development, I would imagine the government is only acknowledging that these are an ongoing cost of oil exploration rather than a one time start up of inventing and selling widgets. The percentage depletion allowance doesn't cover large oil companies at all. It's limited to those who receive oil royalties of under a certain dollar amount, and is likely put in place to make recordkeeping less cumbersome. You could argue about the percentage, I suppose.
>
> Other "subsidies" include maintaining the roads, and an army. While some might think that the army is maintained purely for the use of the oil companies, that's far from a universal conclusion and I'm not sure that an army should be included as an oil company subsidy. Ditto on roads and highways.
>
> And yes, there are oil tax credits. But those were most certainly not put in place for the benefit of the oil companies so much as to provide incentive for the oil companies to do what the government wishes them to do. Check the names of the tax credits, and they certainly appear to be policy choices. Unconventional fuel source credit?
>
> I'm quite certain other countries allow their companies to deduct expenses they incur, that they maintain roads, and that at least some maintain armies as well.
>
> Moreover, some of the transportation costs are paid by the large taxes on gas. If those taxes are then turned around to build roads, how is that subsidizing the oil company?
>
> Oil is taxed on every level from the time it's pulled out till the time it hits your tank. Severance tax is what, 10-12%? Then the taxes added to the actual tank of gas, and myriad taxes in between on the supplies used to process gasoline, property taxes on the real estate and personal property used to process and distribute gasoline.
>
> I don't get the claim of subsidies.
>
> I'd prefer that the cost of taxes per gallon be displayed right below the cost per gallon on each and every pump.
Posted by Jost on August 20, 2006, at 12:16:22
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 11:14:57
The government, for example, subsidizes the building and maintaining of roads and highways, as Dinah points out.
This is very expensive, and certainly is done to support the low cost of the car as mode of transportation. I don't see how it can be argued that this isn't subsidizing the oil industry, among other things.
It subsidizes other industries, and puts in place negative incentives to, for example, engineer cars that get as much gas mileage as possible.
Moreover, the federal government gives little, and less over time, subsidy to any form of public transportation, especially, but not only, Amtrak. In Europe and Japan, and other countries trains are much faster, in better condition, etc. This, plus the price of oil, and of driving in general, creates an incentive structure that promotes use of public transportation elsewhere. But not here.
Do people want this? Yes. But did it have to evolve to the point where people want it and consider it so important and so highly preferable to drive cars? No.
Have you been in New York City lately? Try taking a cab from somewhere in midtown to somewhere else in midtown. Try taking a cab (ie a car) from someplace anywhere to someplace anywhere else, not in midtown-- ie in parts of town with less traffic. It's a nightmare, and has gotten very much worse in the 8-9 years I've lived here. The amount of gas used by people stalled in traffic jams, or blocked from passage a round double and triple parked cars is frightening to contemplate. Not to mention the daily rush-hour traffic jams on all the bridges, tunnels, streets going toward the outlets to suburbs. Try going across town on any of the crosstown streets through Central Park. (Only do this if you like sitting in traffic for ten-fifteen minutes to drive eight city blocks--or less than 1/2 mile.)
This is because it's politically impossible to restrict access by motor vehicles into the city. Which is not coincidentally linked to the subsidy of roads, and unwillingness of federal and state governments--also not unrelated-- to subsidize adequate subway service.
Try living here sometime and your view of the incentives for public vs. private transportation-- and it's clear relationship to the cheap price of gas-- may shift.
Jost
Posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 13:02:55
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Jost on August 20, 2006, at 12:16:22
I'm sorry, but I see the provision and maintenance of highways and roads to be one of the jobs of government, since we certainly can't get together and build one ourself.
I find it hard to see building roads and highways as a subsidizing of the oil industry. It may be subsidizing a way of life that Americans find desirable, but it's not subsidizing the oil industry any more than it's subsidizing the farm industry by allowing fast access to allow fresh produce to get to market. It's just doing its job.
As a matter of interest, though, are there any developed countries that don't maintain and build roads and highways?
I'm all in favor of promoting alternative fuel sources. The government tries to do that already, with tax credits and with direct subsidies. When alternative fuel sources are more affordable than oil, I'm reasonably sure the American public will switch to it. In the meantime, I think the government should encourage the switch to clean electrical power sources. Even subsidize it.
Whatever happened to hydroelectric plants? Why aren't there more of them?
Posted by Jost on August 20, 2006, at 15:06:56
In reply to Re: oil business and profits » Jost, posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 13:02:55
I'm pressed for time, but my point was not that it's bad to maintain highways and roads, but that there are incentive structures that the government creates for different social practices, such as using public or private transportation.
It's more the amount of subsidy for roads vs. for trains, subways, etc.
Certainly, there should be good roads, but the users of roads could cover more of the cost, and the government could support provision of better, fast, more reliable public transportation, to support the use of that.
Rather than broken down subways coming every 6-14 minutes, at irreular intervals and being crowded, you could have clean, well-maintained trains coming every five minutes, regularly, with more sitting room for everyone.
Or Amtrak could go to many more destinations, leaving at much more frequent intervals, travelling much faster, with fewer delays, etc.
Etc.
It's not an either/or proposition, but of balancing of public goods.
Jost
Posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 15:20:40
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Jost on August 20, 2006, at 15:06:56
I think maybe it's a different situation in urban situations like NYC. They're working on a subsidized light rail system here, but there are all sorts of questions about feasibility. As you get into more rural areas there are even more questions. Then there's the issue of interstate commerce.
However, I've never opposed subsidies of public transportation. And I'd be delighted with safer and cleaner public transportation.
It takes more than subsidies to change hearts and minds though. Public transportation is a different thing than vehicular traffic. Even safe, clean, and uncrowded public transportation. In all but the most urban of cities, public transportation can't provide the freedom of choice and freedom of movement that the American public desires. Or the privacy.
Posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 15:21:56
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Jost on August 20, 2006, at 15:06:56
(Also, surely the users of the road already do cover the cost. Both through gasoline taxes, and by the fact that most taxpayers use the road.)
Posted by laima on August 20, 2006, at 17:00:04
In reply to Re: oil business and profits » Jost, posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 13:02:55
Not sure if this relates exactly to your query, but I was fascinated to hear something about the mayor of Chicago "leasing" one of our highways to a foreign company to take care of it (!?). And then there are toll roads around here, which are partially maintained by people having to pay to drive on them. Finally, while driving from Chicago to NYC once, passing through Ohio- it felt "different". My passenger reported that he heard that Ohio somehow leased out highway and rest stop maintenence to fast food chains (???) Sure enough, there was a rest-stop which doubled as food court just about every few miles....with mostly all the same fast food restaurants in each one. I don't know how much of this is "true", but perhaps there are some kernels of "truth" in some of this? Weird- especially the Ohio rumour.
> I'm sorry, but I see the provision and maintenance of highways and roads to be one of the jobs of government, since we certainly can't get together and build one ourself.
>
> I find it hard to see building roads and highways as a subsidizing of the oil industry. It may be subsidizing a way of life that Americans find desirable, but it's not subsidizing the oil industry any more than it's subsidizing the farm industry by allowing fast access to allow fresh produce to get to market. It's just doing its job.
>
> As a matter of interest, though, are there any developed countries that don't maintain and build roads and highways?
>
> I'm all in favor of promoting alternative fuel sources. The government tries to do that already, with tax credits and with direct subsidies. When alternative fuel sources are more affordable than oil, I'm reasonably sure the American public will switch to it. In the meantime, I think the government should encourage the switch to clean electrical power sources. Even subsidize it.
>
> Whatever happened to hydroelectric plants? Why aren't there more of them?
Posted by laima on August 20, 2006, at 17:03:56
In reply to Re: oil business and profits, posted by Jost on August 20, 2006, at 15:06:56
Wow, having spent chunks of time in NYC myself, I really relate to and stand by your observations and comments about the streets in Manhatten and the situation with the subways!
Subways and busses in Chicago have some serious issues, too- even though they keep raising fares while cutting service-especially service to pooer parts of the city.> I'm pressed for time, but my point was not that it's bad to maintain highways and roads, but that there are incentive structures that the government creates for different social practices, such as using public or private transportation.
>
> It's more the amount of subsidy for roads vs. for trains, subways, etc.
>
> Certainly, there should be good roads, but the users of roads could cover more of the cost, and the government could support provision of better, fast, more reliable public transportation, to support the use of that.
>
> Rather than broken down subways coming every 6-14 minutes, at irreular intervals and being crowded, you could have clean, well-maintained trains coming every five minutes, regularly, with more sitting room for everyone.
>
> Or Amtrak could go to many more destinations, leaving at much more frequent intervals, travelling much faster, with fewer delays, etc.
>
> Etc.
>
> It's not an either/or proposition, but of balancing of public goods.
>
> Jost
Posted by Estella on August 20, 2006, at 21:09:19
In reply to Re: oil business and profits » Jost, posted by Dinah on August 20, 2006, at 15:20:40
> It takes more than subsidies to change hearts and minds though.Yes indeed.
> Public transportation is a different thing than vehicular traffic. Even safe, clean, and uncrowded public transportation. In all but the most urban of cities, public transportation can't provide the freedom of choice and freedom of movement that the American public desires. Or the privacy.
Even when you consider the cost in global terms. I really do think that is so really very sad. America now vs America later, America now vs Other countries both now and later.
It isn't personal. I just think it is a shame when it wouldn't be so very hard for the govt to put its f*cking foot down and say 'hey lets stop being the biggest global producer of crap' and start educating people on the consequences of their choices.
Rights at... What cost?
Posted by AuntieMel on August 21, 2006, at 15:52:28
In reply to Re: oil business and profits » Estella, posted by laima on August 20, 2006, at 7:48:21
right.
Name another industry that gets threatened with (or ever had to pay) a "windfall profit" tax.
Posted by laima on August 21, 2006, at 23:00:12
In reply to Re: sublidies, posted by AuntieMel on August 21, 2006, at 15:52:28
Auntie Mel,What is your relationship to the oil business? Are you close to the industry, too?
And should we all take a breather to go watch something like the Cober- Repor- more often when things get passionate? :)
Warmly,
Laima
right.
>
> Name another industry that gets threatened with (or ever had to pay) a "windfall profit" tax.
Posted by AuntieMel on August 22, 2006, at 8:08:22
In reply to Re: sublidies » AuntieMel, posted by laima on August 21, 2006, at 23:00:12
I work in the industry - writing geophysical software.
Cobert - and the Daily Show should be required watching. Especially for high school students.
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